Transformer Failure Accidents This technical article discusses transformer failure incidents due to annoying tripping caused by various design defects, operational conditions, or improper protection relay settings. The focus is on differential protection and ground protection, as they are responsible for a large number of faulty trips. The mystery of the annoying tripping accidents in transformer protection that worries the engineers. Protection Case Studies 1. Introduction to Power Transformers Transformers are electrical devices that transmit energy between two circuits at different values of voltage and current using the principle of induction discovered by Faraday in 1831. Devices based on Faraday’s law are like inductors used in laboratories until an alternating current is released near the end Nineteenth century. The development of the AC power system and the transformers happened almost at the same time because they belong to each other. The first practical transformer was invented by Hungarian engineers Karoly Zibirnowski, Otto Plathi and Mixa Derry in 1885 who worked at the Hungarian Ganz Factory. The transformer core consisted of annular iron wires, and its primary voltage was a few kilovolts while its rated secondary voltage was 100 volts. It has been used to power electrical lighting applications. Transformers differ in types, classification and design to suit different types of connected loads, but follow the same principle of operation and have the same construction (more or less). 1928 air-cooled three-phase transformer (4000A / 13.2 kV) manufactured by CFTH in Saint-Ouen, France (Photo Credit: think-grid.org) In the following, a list containing most of the transformer components can be identified: the magnetic circuit : It consists of a core and a yoke that provide a path for magnetic flux. Electrical circuit: It is the primary and secondary coil that forms the conversion voltage ratio. Transformers are classified as jacket type or primary type according to primary / secondary winding arrangement. Electrical circuit: It consists of insulation used in various places inside transformers. Tank and Accessories: Accessories vary from adapter to adapter based on specifications and applications. They include visor, breather, blast hole, radiator, bushings, and many more. Transformers are prone to annoying trips due to design defects, operating conditions, incorrect relay settings, or otherwise. Transformers are a major component of substations, and occasional outages are often not easy to withstand, especially for bundled substations serving large areas. This article / technical guide requires premium membership. Get access to all premium HV / MV / LV technical articles, electrical engineering guides, and papers. Check the benefits of each plan and choose the membership plan that’s best for you or your organization. You can choose the Plus, Pro, or Enterprise membership plan on a yearly basis. – Get 15% off Pro plan, use discount code: ZX21FLog InSign Up related to EEP content with sponsored links
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